Episcopal Ordinations in China
New Regime-Loyal Bishops for China are Recognized by Leo XIV
With the consecration of Mgr. Duan Yongkun as Coadjutor Bishop of Bameng yesterday, July 29, 2026, the second bishop appointment in Inner Mongolia within a few days has been carried out under the secret agreement between the Holy See and the People's Republic of China.
Earlier, on July 22, Mgr. Chang Yanfeng was consecrated as Bishop of Chifeng. Both appointments follow the same pattern observed since the provisional agreement between Rome and Beijing came into effect in September 2018: Chinese authorities present the decisions as the outcome of their own state process, while the Vatican retroactively frames them as appointments approved by the Pope.
The case of Bishop Duan Yongkun is particularly revealing. The state-controlled Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association officially to this day a schismatic parallel church founded by the communist regime in 1957 under Party control to render the Church "independent" of Rome, reported his appointment merely as "auxiliary bishop" of Bameng, making no mention of either the Pope or the Holy See. This has been the practice since 2018 for all diocesan episcopal appointments concluded on the basis of the secret agreement. Outwardly, the Holy See does not exist for the Chinese authorities; the appointments are presented as unilateral Chinese acts.
The Vatican Press Office, on the other hand, explicitly referred to Duan Yongkun as Coadjutor Bishop with the right of succession. This discrepancy in presentation is by no means a mere terminological subtlety. Rather, it illustrates that both sides are evidently serving different narratives and fail to communicate even fundamental canon law matters in a unified manner. The actual decision-making authority, however, clearly lies with the communist regime in Beijing, to which it was conceded by the Holy See and Pope Francis.
AsiaNews also points out further discrepancies. For instance, the Vatican cites Inner Mongolia as Duan's origin, whereas Chinese authorities explicitly emphasize his family roots in Hebei Province. Given the ethnic tensions in Inner Mongolia, even this seemingly trivial detail carries political significance.
Inner Mongolia is inhabited by Mongols at roughly 18 percent, while the majority population of nearly 80 percent is made up of Han Chinese.
During the Imperial Era, Han Chinese immigration to Inner Mongolia was restricted whenever possible. Following the fall of the Qing Dynasty and the proclamation of the Republic in early 1912, settlement accelerated considerably encouraged by the government in Beijing so that Han Chinese became the majority in the southern regions.
However, the period following the communist takeover in 1949 brought the most significant demographic shift. The settlement of millions of Han Chinese was promoted by the new regime through the establishment of industrial and mining hubs and the founding of new cities. The Mongols were reduced to a small minority.
The ecclesiastical situation in Bameng is also noteworthy. The diocese was created in 1989 through a reorganization carried out by the state's "official church" and was established without papal approval. Its first bishop received episcopal consecration in 1990 without a mandate from Rome. After his death in 2004, the Rome-loyal priest Du Jiang who led the underground Church was secretly consecrated as bishop. It was not until 2010 that the Chinese government officially recognized him, though only within the framework of a state-staged installation in which excommunicated, regime-friendly bishops were required to participate to demonstrate the primacy of the state. These events caused considerable consternation among members of the underground church.
Duan Yongkun's appointment officially takes place at the request of the ailing Bishop Du Jiang. The central impression remains clear: ultimately, Beijing's political directives dictate the decisive framework. The consecration itself was led by Bishop Meng Qinglu, a vice-chairman of the Patriotic Association (unrecognized by Rome). Other consecrators also belong to state-controlled church bodies whose bishops' conference is still not recognized by the Holy See as a legitimate bishops' conference.
The Appointment of the New Bishop of Chifeng
The political dimensions emerge even more clearly with the Bishop of Chifeng, consecrated a few days earlier. Chang Yanfeng was already the head of the local Patriotic Association and was elected as a bishop candidate on March 20, 2026, in accordance with the mechanisms of "self-management" prescribed by the Chinese Communist Party. Only afterward did Pope Leo XIV confirm his appointment under the secret agreement.
Chang's public conduct immediately preceding his episcopal consecration appears especially problematic. At the end of June, he presided over a meeting of church officials during which the new law promoting national unity and the "progress of the Chinese nation" was explicitly welcomed. This law forms a central component of the state policy of Sinicization and is directed specifically against the cultural and linguistic autonomy of ethnic minorities such as the Mongols.
According to the Patriotic Association, church representatives pledged to "consciously respect, study, comply with, and apply" the law, as well as to fully integrate state principles into daily church life and evangelization. The Catholic community of Chifeng committed to actively adapting its pastoral work to the requirements of the "new era" religion and nationalities policy and to fostering state-mandated unity education.
In Inner Mongolia in particular, such declarations carry special weight due to decades of deliberate demographic restructuring through Han Chinese settlement. Mongols now constitute less than a fifth of the population, and their language and culture are increasingly pushed out of public life. Against this backdrop, ecclesiastical support for state Sinicization policies appears to be far more than a mere declaration of loyalty.
Both bishops are of Han Chinese descent; no Mongolian connection is mentioned by state authorities.
The two recent episcopal appointments thus highlight once again the fundamental issue with the secret agreement between the Holy See and the People's Republic of China. While the Vatican points out that the Pope confirmed each candidate, public perception is dominated by state procedures, the role of the Patriotic Association, and the political control of the Church by the CCP regime. The recurring discrepancies between official announcements from Beijing and Rome further underline how opaque this agreement actually remains.
Rather than visibly strengthening the freedom of the Church in China, the agreement reinforces the impression that the Holy See is increasingly accepting and retroactively legitimizing the structures dictated by the communist leadership. The recent appointments in Chifeng and Bameng provide yet another striking example.
Text: Giuseppe Nardi
Image: AsiaNews



